With the introduction of birth control pills in the 1950s, it truly revolutionised the lives of many women around the world. They now had control over their bodies; from how to regulate their cycles to when they could get pregnant, the choice was theirs. Birth control pills and oral contraceptives have, over the years been a topic of debate, with women either rallying for them, or opposing them. There are many pros and cons to look at. But the question remains, should you consider going on the pill? Dr Jyotsna Gupta, MBBS, DNB, obstetrics and gynaecology, answers some frequently asked questions:
What is the pill?
Birth control pills are synthetic hormones that work to prevent pregnancy and regulate your menstrual cycle. These hormones can stop ovulation and make it more difficult for the sperm to enter your uterus. They can also alter your uterine lining, which can reduce the likelihood of implantation. These pills make up an extended cycle or continuous regimen, as they continue to mimic your natural cycle. The level of hormones can either shorten the cycles, or eliminate your period altogether. These are available in two varieties:
i. Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill: This is the most commonly prescribed pill. It contains a combination of oestrogen and progestin, which keep your ovaries from releasing an egg.
ii. Progesterone-only Contraceptive Pill: This contains only progesterone, and helps in thickening the mucus in your cervix, thus preventing the sperm from reaching the egg.
Who should consider taking oral contraceptives and who should avoid them?
Typically, women who want to avoid a pregnancy opt for birth control pills. Additionally, the synthetic hormones present in these mimic your hormones and either prolong, regulate, or eliminate the menstrual cycle. Teenagers as young as 15 or 16 may be prescribed the pill to regulate their menstrual cycle.
If you are someone who forgets to take pills, then this might not be a suitable option for you. Birth control pills require a regimen where you take the pill at roughly the same time daily, in order for it to be effective. If you are a smoker, you should avoid the pills as these contain high amounts of oestrogen (female sex hormones), which do not mix well with nicotine, and can cause further health complications. For those with health issues like blood clotting, breast cancer, serious heart conditions, high risk diabetes and liver diseases, uncontrolled high blood pressure, and extreme migraines, it is best to completely avoid going on the pill.
Apart from pregnancy, how else does birth control help?
Not all users use the pill as a contraceptive; the pill is also used to treat other health issues such as:
Heavy, irregular periods: Teenagers are more likely to suffer from heavy, irregular periods as compared to older women. Severe PMS symptoms can cause acne, cramping, and bloating. Heavy bleeding can cause iron deficiency and anemia. Teens are at a higher risk of this disorder because their bodies use up iron stores faster than adults. The pill can alleviate these issues because it regulates hormone levels and also lessens the bleeding during one’s cycle.
PCOS: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is basically a hormonal imbalance that can cause heavy periods, irregular menstruation, excess hair growth, weight gain, and insulin resistance. Birth control pills can alleviate many of the symptoms by regulating the hormones.
Acne: Hormonal changes related to the menstrual cycle can make adolescent acne worse. Teenage girls are often prescribed hormonal birth control to lessen the severity, and improve skin health and complexion.
Endometriosis: This is a condition where the cells that comprise the uterine lining, endometrium, begin to grow outside of the uterus. They can attach themselves to the outside of the uterus and other internal organs. Left untreated, endometriosis can cause excruciating pain, anemia, and can also lead to infertility from internal scarring, and also increase the risk of ovarian cancer. Birth control pills can be used to suppress the growth of endometrial cells and protect a woman’s fertility.
Given the many benefits of taking oral contraceptives, Dr Gupta advises, “One must not take these pills without a thorough assessment from your gyanaecologist, and begin the course on a particular day of your menstrual cycle.”
Can you take the pill if you are breastfeeding?
“There are certain hormonal pills that you can take while breastfeeding. However, keeping in mind various health issues, consulting your doctor about dosage is best for the well-being of both, the mother and baby.”
What are the risks involved with birth control?
Usually people do not face many problems when they are on the pill, however some risk factors to keep in mind are:
• The hormones in the pills are meant to add to those associated with your natural monthly cycle, so consult your doctor before you take it.
• These pills have to be taken regularly, or they lose their efficacy.
• Despite oral contraceptives, you should use other methods of birth control like condoms at least during the first cycle of pills.
• Some pills may also affect your mood due to the changing levels of hormones.
• Your weight might fluctuate when you go on the pill, but this can be managed with regular exercise and a healthy diet.
• If you are on the pill and face any difficulties, contact your doctor immediately.