The history of kohl or eyeliner spans centuries and various civilizations, each contributing to its evolution in the beauty space. Here's a chronological overview:
- Ancient Egypt (4000 BCE - 300 BCE): Perhaps the most well-known origin of kohl or eyeliner can be traced back to ancient Egypt. Both men and women in Egyptian society used kohl to line their eyes. They believed it had protective properties against the harsh desert sun and also helped ward off evil spirits. Kohl was made from a mixture of galena, malachite, and other minerals, ground into a fine powder and applied using a small stick or brush.
- Mesopotamia and Ancient Near East: Similar to Egypt, civilizations in Mesopotamia and the Near East, such as the Sumerians and Babylonians, also used kohl for cosmetic purposes. Archaeological findings suggest that kohl was widely used among these ancient societies to enhance the eyes and create a dramatic look.
- Ancient India: In ancient India, women and men also used kohl, known as "kajal," for cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Kajal was traditionally made from lampblack or soot mixed with various natural ingredients like ghee (clarified butter) or almond oil.
- Greece and Rome (8th century BCE - 5th century CE): Both ancient Greek and Roman civilizations embraced the use of eyeliner, albeit in different ways. In Greece, women used a mixture of soot and olive oil to create a dark pigment for lining their eyes, while in Rome, eyeliner was popular among both men and women. Romans used kohl, similar to the Egyptians, to darken and define their eyes.
Middle Ages and Renaissance:
- Islamic World: In contrast, eyeliner remained popular in the Islamic world during the Middle Ages, where it was used by both men and women. Kohl, known as "surma" or "kajal," was applied not only for cosmetic purposes but also for its perceived medicinal and protective properties.
Modern Era:
- 19th Century: The use of eyeliner experienced a revival during the 19th century, particularly in Western societies. Queen Victoria of England famously popularized the use of kohl-rimmed eyes, inspiring women to emulate her style.
- 21st Century: Today, eyeliner comes in various forms, including pencils, liquids, gels, and pens, catering to a wide range of preferences and styles. It continues to be a versatile tool for enhancing and defining the eyes, with trends evolving from classic black to colorful and graphic designs.
The history of kohl or eyeliner is a testament to its enduring popularity and cultural significance across civilizations and centuries. From ancient rituals to modern beauty trends, eyeliner remains a timeless symbol of expression and allure in the world of cosmetics.